Streszczenie zawartości integracyjnego portretu terapeutycznegoArtemisia vulgaris L. oraz spis treści

Summary of the integrative therapeutic portrait of Artemisia vulgaris L + the table of contents

Introduction:

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) as a research object

What is an integrative therapeutic portrait of a medicinal plant?

List of terms and abbreviations

You are here: Summary of the integrative therapeutic portrait of Artemisia vulgaris L + the table of contents

A few words about the author of the "Artemisia vulgaris project"

Chapter XI. of the doctoral dissertation .

The era of current scientific development has overshadowed more than 2000-year-old knowledge about medicinal plants collected (and documented) according to the principles of holistic medicine. However, the current state of medical knowledge in the Western world, which has been collected and documented for 150 years according to the principles of Evidence Based Medicine (EBM), indicates that we can find information in holistic sources that are up-to-date and useful. This dissertation describes the significance of a medicinal plant from the family Asteracae – Artemisia vulgaris L. (common Mugwort) in the history of pharmacy and in the current therapy.

In this dissertation, both medical indications for medicinal raw materials as well as various forms of application of medicaments from this species have been presented in chronological order of their documentation throughout history (from antiquity to modern times).

Due to its prevalence on the European continent, the plant was widely available and its healing effect in gynecological and perinatal ailments had been already described in the first medical books of our civilization.

Together with development of the ancient medical art and the philosophy of healing - over the harmony of opposites (“eucrasy") and the theory of four elements (water, soil, air, fire), through the science of body fluids (“humores") and the scheme of primary qualities (hot-cold, wet-dry), up to the systematic humoral pathology of Hippocrates and Gallen from Pergamon in antiquity - Artemisia vulgaris obtained further therapeutic indications such as cold-induced abdominal pain.

After the twilight of ancient world, the Middle Ages had also recognized the health benefits of mugwort and continued to use it for the treatment of women's complaints and gastric ailments.

The discovery of printing had preserved the place of Artemisia vulgaris " in the herbal books.

The core of this dissertation is the analysis of German-written leading (and sometimes groundbreaking) sources in the field of herbal medicine. Two epochs – Renaissance and Modern – are presented in a comparative analysis using appropriate Polish sources.

During the period when holistic medicine was flourishing in Europe - from the 15th to the 18th century, the basic indications for treatment with mugwort were, apart from female ailments, health problems due to cold and humidity,(dampness), which mainly affected two functional circuits: spleen and liver (orbis lienalis / orbis hepaticus).

These and other holistic concepts began to disappear during the Enlightenment, being consistently replaced by the materialistic vocabulary of emerging, evidence-based medicine (EBM). Unfortunately, together with loss of the “dictionary of holistic medicine", a very important aspect of the treatment with mugwort had also disappeared, which in the end (dated by the German Kommission E statement from 1988) led to the fact that - according to EBM standards - the therapeutic values of this plant had been denied. It was only with the award of the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2015 for the research of the annual Mugwort (Artemisia annua L.) that scientific interest in other species of the genus Artemisia L., including Artemisia vulgaris L. had risen again. As a result, professional research on the chemistry and biological activity of extracts and essential oils obtained from the herb and roots of mugwort was started. They showed a whole range of therapeutic effects resulting from its antibacterial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, spasmolytic and other activities. Studies have also drawn attention to the possible cosmetic benefits of this species. Therefore, in order to complete the therapeutic portrait of common mugwort, the world of science is now looking forward to seeing the results of research which could prove the validity of the oldest therapeutic indications (i. e. gynaecological – obstetric and gastroenterological disorders) coded with the ICD diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases and Medical Procedures) and carried out within RCT standards (randomized controlled trials).

To better appreciate the therapeutic benefits of Artemisia vulgaris L., today we have an additional opportunity to tap into the resources of current holistic medical system, namely Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). With the knowledge of TCM we can rediscover and fully exploit the forgotten healing potential of Artemisia vulgaris L. In order to make it easier for the reader to understand the philosophy of healing in Traditional Chinese Medicine, the dissertation presents some terms and topics in this field.

Table of contents

NOTE: The table of contents presented below has been transferred and translated into English from the doctoral dissertation „Significance of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Mugwort) in the history of pharmacy and in the current therapy”, (s.pos 143. of the bibliography) in order to show the construction of this scientific work. The doctoral dissertation had been written as part of the „Artemisia vulgaris project”. It should be noted that the table of contents presented here is accompanied on this website by the text of another two chapters from the dissertation: „Summary” and „Bibliography„. The entire text of the doctoral dissertation (in Polish) – submitted and defended at the Faculty of Pharmacy of the Jagiellonian University in Krakόw in 2023, is available online or in a book publication (in German) (s.pos 142. of the bibliography).

INTRODUCTION8

RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY8

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND RESEARCH PROBLEMS10

STATE OF THE RESEARCH11

RESEARCH MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY12

DESIGN OF THE STUDY13

I. OBJECT OF STUDY – ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. - BOTANICAL-ECOLOGICAL-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF NATURAL SITES WORLDWIDE16

  • Botanical characteristics
  • Ecology
  • Chemical composition
  • Geographical distribution of natural sites

II. IMPORTANCE OF ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. IN THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY - FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAY21

  • ANTIQUITY
  • THE FIRST ATTEMPTS TO DEFINE HEALTH AND ILLNESS AND THE FIRST SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL TREATMENT
    • "Corpus Hippocraticum"
    • Pedanios Dioskurides (1st century) "De materia medica" ("On medicinal substances") (c. 60)
    • Pliny the Elder (23-79) "Naturalis historia"
    • Claudius Galen of Pergamon (130-200) "De simplicium medicamentorum temperamentis ac facultatibus" ("On simple medicines’ temperament and effect")
    • Pseudo-Apuleius "De herbarum virtutibus" / "Herbarius" ("On the power of herbs") - (4th century)
  • CONCLUSION
  • MIDDLE AGES
  • MONASTIC MEDICINE
    • "Lorscher Arzneibuch" ("Book of medicines from Lorsch"), c. 790.
    • Walahfrid Strabo (808-849) "Liber de cultura hortorum" ("Book on cultivating the garden") ("Hortulus" / "Garden") c. 840.
    • Odo Magdunensis (11th century) "Macer floridus" 1070.
    • Matthaeus Platearius (12th century) "Circa instans" c. 1150
    • Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) "Physica"/"Liber simplicis medicinae" ("Book of simple medicine") (1150-1160)
  • THE ENCYCLOPAEDIST PERIOD
    • Bartholomäus Anglicus (1190-1250) "De proprietatibus rerum" ("On the properties of things") (1250)
    • Albertus Magnus (1193-1280) " De Vegetabilibus" ("On plants") (mid 13th century)
    • Konrad of Megenberg (1309-1374) "Buch von den natürlichen Dingen" ("Book of natural things"), ("Buch der Natur" / "Book of Nature")
    • Rufinus of Genoa - Abbot of Tyrus "Liber de virtutibus herbarum et de compositionibus earum" ("Book on the properties of herbs and on compositions from them") c. 1288.
  • THE RENAISSANCE
  • FIRST PRINTED HERBARIA
    • Johann Wonnecke von Kaub (1430-1503) "Gart der Gesundheit" ("Garden of Health") 1485
    • Adam Lonitzer (1528-1586) "Naturalis Historia" (Latin 1551 / German 1557)
  • THE "FATHERS OF BOTANY"
    • Otto Brunfels (1488-1534) "Herbarum vivae eicones" ("Living pictures of herbs") (1530)
    • Hieronymus Bock (Tragus) (1489-1554) 'New Kreütter Buch' ('New herbarium') 1539.
    • Leonhart Fuchs (1501-1566) 'De historia stirpium commentarii insignes' ('Important commentaries on the history of plants') 1542; 'New Kreüterbuch' ('New herbarium') 1543.
  • OTHER IMPORTANT HERBARIA IN GERMAN
    • Jakobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus (1522-1590) 'Neuw Kreuterbuch' ('New herbarium') (1588)
      • Internal uses of mugwort in Tabernaemontanus' herbarium
      • External uses of mugwort in the Tabernaemontanus herbarium
  • ARTEMISIA VULGARIS IN POLISH HERBARIA OF THE RENAISSANCE (XVI/XVII CENTURY)
    • Stefan Falimirz (1st half of the 16th century) "O ziołach y o moczy gich" (‘About herbs and about their power’) (1534)
    • Marcin z Urzędowa (c. 1500-1573) "Herbarz polski" (‘Polish herbarium’) (1595)
    • Szymon Syreński (1540-1611), „Zielnik Symona Syreniusa” ("Herbarium of Symon Syrenius") (1613)
  • CONCLUSION
  • ARTEMISIA IN THE XVII AND XVIII CENTURY
    • GERMAN SOURCES
      • Johann Schröder (1600-1664) "Artzney-Schatz" ("Treasury of Medicines") (German: 1685)
      • Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706-1751) "Universal Lexicon" ("Universal Lexicon") 1732-1754
  • CONCLUSION
  • MODERN PHYTOTHERAPY
  • GERMAN SOURCES
    • Dr Gerhard Madaus (1890-1942) "Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel" ("Handbook of natural remedies") 1938
    • Johann Heinrich Zedler (1706-1751) "Universal Lexicon" ("Universal Lexicon") 1732-1754
  • MEDICINAL PORTRAIT OF ARTEMISIA VULGARIS BASED ON SELECTED POLISH WRITTEN SOURCES FROM THE XVIII CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY
    • Historical background
    • Therapeutic indications for treatment with Artemisia vulgaris L. in selected Polish written sources
  • CONCLUSION
  • RESEARCH ON ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. AT THE TURN OF THE 20TH / 21ST CENTURY AND THE CURRENT STATUS OF THIS SPECIES IN MEDICINE
    • Phytochemical characteristics
    • New proven biological activities in research on A. vulgaris L.
    • Use in traditional medicine worldwide
    • Position of mugwort in modern european medicine
  • CONCLUSION

III. INTEGRATIVE ASPECT OF THE EVALUATION OF ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L. AS A MEDICINAL PLANT166

  • Range of therapeutic indications for Artemisia vulgaris l. Established on the basis of a (negative - ) monography, written down by kommission e of the federal health authority of the federal republic of germany, published 06.07.1988.
  • Pattern differentiation (bianzheng) for treatment with Artemisia vulgaris l., from the school of traditional chinese medicine, as described in contemporary textbooks on tcm theory and practice
  • A list of potential pattern differentiation (bianzheng) belonging to the functional circuits of Artemisia vulgaris L., Drawn from the monography of the kommission E
  • SELECTED PROBLEMS OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN EBM AND TCM IN THE INTEGRATIVE THERAPEUTIC PORTRAIT OF Artemisia vulgaris.
  • Holistic nomenclature in the indications for treatment with artemisia vulgaris L. Used in the sources presented: From the "Materia medica" (1st century) of dioskurides, to the "Lehrbuch der biologischen heilmittel" ("Manual of natural remedies") of g. Madaus (leipzig, 1938).
  • Conclusions

IV. SUMMARY OF OVERALL RESEARCH AND CONCLUSIONS198

  • Artemisia vulgaris and its documented contribution to the development of western pharmacy and medicine - a historical perspective
  • The coexistence of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and holistic medicine in the contemporary therapeutic portrait of Artemisia vulgaris L. And the importance of TCM in this process
  • Integrative aspect in the contemporary description of Artemisia vulgaris - Challenges

V. GLOSSARY OF BASIC TERMS USED IN TCM206

VI. EXAMPLES OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES ACCORDING TO CURRENT STANDARDS OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE (TCM)216

  • Example no. 1
  • Example no. 2
  • Example no. 3

VII. MAIN TABLES - TABLE A, TABLE B228

  • GUIDANCE ON USING MAIN TABLES

VIII. INDEX OF OTHER TABLES230

IX. INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS231

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY233

  • Primary sources (without TCM)
  • Other sources (without TCM)
  • Professional literature on TCM
  • Internet sources (presented in the order of their appearance in the text)

XI. SUMMARY (in Polish)260

XII. SUMMARY (in English)263